Archive

Entomopathogenic nematode symbiotic bacteria and antimicrobial activity

The compounds produced by entomopathogenic nematode symbiotic bacteria Xenorhabdus bovienii have showed antimicrtobial activity against two fungus species including Botrytis cinerea and Phytophthora capsici (Fang et al., 2011).  Both of these fungi causes diseases to many plant species.

Publications on antimicrobial activity of entomopathogenic nematode symbiotic bacteria.

1. Fang, X. L., Feng, J. T., Zhang, W. G., Wang, Y. H. and Zhang, X. 2010. Optimization of growth medium and fermentation conditions for improved antibiotic activity of Xenorhabdus nematophila TB using a statistical approach.  African Journal of Biotechnology 9: 8068-8077.
2. Fang, X.L., Li, Z.Z., Wang, Y.H. and Zhang, X. 2011.   In vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity of Xenorhabdus bovienii YL002 against Phytophthora capsici and Botrytis cinerea. Journal of Applied Microbiology 111: 145-154.
3. Furgani, G., Boeszoermenyi, E., Fodor, A., Mathe-Fodor, A., Forst, S., Hogan, J.S., Katona, Z.,  Klein, M.G., Stackebrandt, E., Szentirmai, A., Sztaricskai, F. and Wolf, S. L. 2008.  Xenorhabdus antibiotics: a comparative analysis and potential utility for controlling mastitis caused by bacteria.  Journal of Applied Microbiology 104: 745-758.
4. Isaacson, P.J. and Webster, J.M. 2002.  Antimicrobial activity of Xenorhabus sp RIO (Enterobacteriaceae), symbiont of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema riobrave (Rhabditida : Steinernematidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 79: 146-153.
5. Wang, Y.H., Fang, X.L., Li, Y.P. and Zhang, X. 2010.  Effects of constant and shifting dissolved oxygen concentration on the growth and antibiotic activity of Xenorhabdus nematophila. Bioresource Technology 101: 7529-7536.
6. Wang, Y.H., Feng, J.T., Zhang, Q. and Zhang, X. 2008.  Optimization of fermentation condition for antibiotic production by Xenorhabdus nematophila with response surface methodology. Journal of Applied Microbiology 104s: 735-744.
7. Yang, X.F., Qiu, D.W., Yang, H.W., Liu, Z., Zeng, H.M. and Yuan, J.J. 2011.  Antifungal activity of xenocoumacin 1 from Xenorhabdus nematophilus var. pekingensis against Phytophthora infestans. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 27: 523-528.

Four symposia on entomopathogenic nematodes were organized by Drs. Ganpati B. Jagdale, Raquel Campos-Herrera, Claudia Dolinski, David I. Shapiro-Ilan and Parwinder S. Grewal at 50^th Annual meeting of the Society of Nematologists which was held at the Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon from July 17 to July 20, 2011. A total of 22 invited speakers shared their research and extension experience in the field of Entomopathogenic Nematology.  Following is a list of topics covered by various speakers in each symposium.

SYMPOSIUM I: Entomopathogenic Nematodes as Model Systems in Ecology

Convener: Raquel Campos-Herrera.

Poinar, G.O.Jr. 2011.  Legacy of entomopathogenic nematology: The early Years (1930-1990).

Barbercheck, M. 2011.  Peering into the black box: building an understanding of the population biology of entomopathogenic nematodes.

Stock, P. 2011.  Entomopathogenic nematodes and their bacterial Symbionts: how many, where and how?

Griffin, C. 2011.  Behavioural ecology of entomopathogenic nematodes: Past, present and future.

Hoy, C.W. and Grewal, P.S. 2011.  Entomopathogenic nematode ecological modeling, from frontiers of Ecology to the future of agriculture.

Gaur, H. 2011.  The impact of climate change on plant-parasitic nematodes.

SYMPOSIUM II: Entomopathogenic Nematodes as Model Systems in Stress Physiology and Evolutionary Biology

Conveners: Ganpati B. Jagdale and Parwinder S. Grewal

Grewal, P.S. 2011. Entomopathogenic nematology since the 1990’s: the openings of a new era.

Itamar Glazer, I. 2011.  How to manage daily stresses: the entomopathogenic nematode perspective.

Perry, R. N. and Ehlers, R.-U.  2011. Enhancing survival attributes of entomopathogenic Nematodes.

Adler R. Dillman, A.R., Mortazavi, A. and Sternberg, P.W. 2011. Genomic analysis of steinernema: informing functional Biology and Ecology.

Sternberg, P.W. and Xiaodong Bai, X. 2011. Genome sequencing and beyond.

SYMPOSIUM III: Entomopathogenic Nematodes as Model Systems: Contributions to Symbiosis

Convener: Raquel Campos-Herrera

Somvanshi,V.S., Sloup, R. E., Crawford, J.M., Martin, A. R., Heidt, A.J., Clardy, J.C. and Ciche, T.A. 2011. How Heterorhabditis Bacteriophora handle their insect pathogenic symbionts.

Goodrich-Blair, H. and Forst, S. 2011. Understanding microbial symbiosis using the association between Xenorhabdus bacteria and Steinernema nematodes.

Clarke, D.J. 2011. The regulation of symbiosis in Photorhabdus.

An, R. and P.S. Grewal, P.S. 2011. In-vivo gene expression reveals differences in molecular features used by Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus for virulence and symbiosis.

ffrench-Constant, R.H., Wilkinson, P. and Dowling, A.J. 2011. The worm that turned: bacterial symbionts of entomopathogenic nematodes as a potent source of novel bacterial toxins.

SYMPOSIUM IV: Entomopathogenic Nematodes as Biological Control Agents in Sustainable Agriculture.

Convener: Claudia Dolinski

Georgis, R. 2011.  Commercialization of entomopathogenic nematodes: an insider’s perspective.

Lacey, L.A. and Koppenhöfer, A.M. 2011.  Successes with entomopathogenic nematodes for control of insect pests above and below ground.

Han, R. 2011.  Production technology and field application of entomopathogenic nematodes in china.

Shapiro-Ilan, D. I. and Dolinski, C. 2011.  Application technology for entomopathogenic nematodes.

Ganguly, S. and Dolinski, C. 2011.  New advances in entomopathogenic nematodes around the world.

Duncan, L. 2011.  Grower acceptance of entomopathogenic nematodes in Florida.

Please see the official program booklet of the Society of Nematologists for the abstracts of individual talks.

It has been demonstrated that five different types of commercial potting media including peat, bark, coir, and peat blended with 10% and 20% compost green waste can influence the virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes against third-instar black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus.  For example, Heterorhabditis species including Heterorhabditis bacteriophora UWS1 strain, H. megidis, H. downesi can cause 100% mortality of black vine weevil grubs in all the five types of media but  Steinernema species including Steinernema feltiae, S. carpocapsae, and S. kraussei can cause 100% black vine weevil grub mortality only in the peat blended with 20% compost green waste.  These results suggest that when growers are selecting entomopathogenic nematodes to control black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus in their nurseries/greenhouses, they should take into consideration the type of potting media used in growing their plants.

Please read following paper for the information on the method of nematode application rates and timings.

Ansari, M. A. and Butt, T. M. 2011.  Effect of potting media on the efficacy and dispersal of entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Biological Control 58: 310-318.

Ansari, M.A., Shah, F.A. and Butt, T.M. 2010.  The entomopathogenic nematodeSteinernema kraussei and Metarhizium anisopliae work synergistically in controlling overwintering larvae of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, in strawberry growbags. Biocontrol Science and Technology. 20: 99-105.

Biological control of termites using entomopathogenic nematodes

Recently, it has been reported that the TP strain of an entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema riobrave have potential to control subterranean termites, a major insect pest of wood structures and wood products.

Read following papers on interaction between termites and entomopathogenic nematodes.

Yu, H., Gouge, D.H. and Shapiro-Ilan, D.I.  2010. A Novel Strain of Steinernema riobrave (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) Possesses Superior Virulence to Subterranean Termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Nematology 42: 91-95.

Yu, H., Gouge, D.H., Stock, S.P. and Baker, P.B. 2008. Development of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae; Heterorhabditidae) in desert subterranean termite Heterotermes aureus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Nematology. 40: 311-317.

Recently, Yang et al. (2011) tested a fungicidal activity of an antibacterial compound called Xenocoumacin 1 (Xcn1) from symbiotic bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila var. pekingensis against Potato late blight disease causing fungus, Phytophthora infestans.  These authors reported that this antibacterial compound strongly inhibits P. infestans mycelium growth and sporangia production.

Read following papers on antibacterial compounds from entomopathogenic nematode symbiotic bacteria.

Akhurst, R.J. 1982.  Aantibiotic-activity of xenorhabdus spp, bacteria symbiotically associated with insect pathogenic nematodes of the families Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae . Journal of General Microbiology 128: 3061.

Bowen, D. 1998. Insecticidal toxins from the bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens. Science 280 : 2129.

Fang, X. L., Feng, J.T., Zhang, W. G., Wang, Y. H. and Zhang, X. 2010.  Optimization of growth medium and fermentation conditions for improved antibiotic activity of Xenorhabdus nematophila TB using a statistical approach.  African Journal of Biotechnology: 9: 8068-8077.

Gualtieri, M. 2009. Identification of a new antimicrobial lysine-rich cyclolipopeptide family from Xenorhabdus nematophila. Journal of Antibiotics 62: 295.

Ji, D. 2004. Identification of an antibacterial compound, benzylideneacetone, from Xenorhabdus nematophila against major plant-pathogenic bacteria. FEMS Microbiology Letters 239: 241.

Li, J.X. 1995. Antimicrobial metabolites from a bacterial symbiont. Journal of Natural Products-Lloydia 58: 1081.

Li, J.X. 1997. Nematophin, a novel antimicrobial substance produced by Xenorhabdus nematophilus (Enterobactereaceae). Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43: 770.

Mcinerney, B.V. 1991. Biologically-active metabolites from Xenorhabdus spp .1. dithiolopyrrolone derivatives with antibiotic-activity. Journal of Natural Products 54: 774.

Mcinerney, B.V. 1991. Biologically-active metabolites from Xenorhabdus spp.2. BENZOPYRAN-1-ONE derivatives with gastroprotective activity. Journal of Natural Products 54: 785.

Paul, V.J. 1981. Antibiotics in microbial ecology – isolation and structure assignment of several new anti-bacterial compounds from the insect-symbiotic bacteria Xenorhabdus Spp. Journal of Chemical Ecology 7: 589.

Wang, Y.H.  2008. Enhanced antibiotic activity of Xenorhabdus nematophila by medium optimization. Bioresource Technology 99: 1708.

Yang , X.F., Qiu, D.W., Yang, H.W., Liu, Z., Zeng, H.M. and Yuan, J.J.  2011.  Antifungal activity of xenocoumacin 1 from Xenorhabdus nematophilus var. pekingensis against Phytophthora infestans . World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 27: 523-528.

It has been demonstrated that entomopathogenic nematodes are attracted to herbivore-induced volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from plants when fed upon by their insect pests.   Thus these attracted nematodes can attack and kill the insects present in the vicinity of plants.

Please read following papers for more information on VOCs released by plants and nematode attraction.

Ali, J.G., Alborn, H.T. and Stelinski, L.L. 2011. Constitutive and induced subterranean plant volatiles attract both entomopathogenic and plant parasitic nematodes. Journal of Ecology 99: 26-35.

Rasmann, S., Erwin, A.C., Halitschke, R. and Agrawal, A.A. 2011. Direct and indirect root defenses of milkweed (Asclepias syriaca): trophic cascades, trade-offs and novel methods for studying subterranean herbivory.  Journal of Ecology 99: 16-25.

Recently, Radova (2011) reported that the chemical pesticide fenpyroximate showed no adverse effect on virulence of entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora but it reduced the virulence of Steinernema feltiae against the insect called mealworm Tenebrio molitor under laboratory conditions.

For more information, read following papers on related topics

Garcia-Del-Pino, F. and Morton, A. 2010.  Synergistic effect of the herbicides glyphosate and MCPA on survival of entomopathogenic nematodes  Biocontrol Science and Technology.  20: 483-488.

Gutierrez, C., Campos-Herrera, R. and Jimenez, J. 2008.  Comparative study of the effect of selected agrochemical products on Steinernema feltiae (Rhabditida : Steinernematidae).  Biocontrol Science and Technology.  18: 101-108.

Negrisoli, A.S., Garcia, M.S., Negrisoli, C.R.C.B. 2010a.  Compatibility of entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda: Rhabditida) with registered insecticides for Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under laboratory conditions.  Crop Protection 29: 545-549.

Negrisoli, A.S., Garcia, M.S., Negrisoli, C.R.C.B., Bernardi, D. and da Silva, A. 2010b.  Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda: Rhabditida) and insecticide mixtures to control Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in corn. Crop Protection. 29: 677-683.

Radova, S.  2011.  Effects of selected pesticides on survival and virulence of two nematode species. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies.  20: 181-185.

Click following links to read about Japanese beetles and the damage caused by them to many plant species. This insect can be controlled by using entomopathogenic nematodes.

http://www.ca.uky.edu/entomology/entfacts/ef451.asp

http://www.landscape-america.com/problems/insects/japanese_beetle.html

http://ipm.illinois.edu/fieldcrops/insects/japanese_beetles/

http://www.turf.msu.edu/japanese-beetle

http://urbanext.illinois.edu/turf/whitegrub.html

Links to interaction between entomopathogenic nematodes and japanese beetles

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9784356

http://esa.confex.com/esa/2007/techprogram/paper_32669.htm

http://www.entomology.wisc.edu/mbcn/nema508.html

http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/2001.html

http://esa.confex.com/esa/2008/techprogram/paper_35315.htm

It has been reported that the heterorhabditis nematodes were more virulent than steinernematid nematodes against larvae Phyllophaga bicolor (Melo et al., 2010).

Read following paper for more information.

Melo, E.L, Ortega, C.A., Gaigl, A. and Bellotti, A. 2010.  Evaluation of entomopathogenic nematodes for the management of Phyllophaga bicolor (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae). Revista Colombiana de Entomologia 36: 207-212.

It has been reported that entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agent to manage species of the American (Periplaneta americana) and the German (Blattella germanica) cockroaches.

Read following paper for more information

Maketon, M., Hominchan, A. and Hotaka, D.  2010. Control of American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) and German cockroach (Blattella germanica) by entomopathogenic nematodes.  Revista Colombiana de Entomologia 36: 249-253.