Nematode Information » entomopathogenic http://nematodeinformation.com a blog about insect and plant parasitic nematodes Thu, 17 May 2012 01:25:50 +0000 en hourly 1 http://wordpress.org/?v=3.2.1 Biological control of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus with entomopathogenic nematodes http://nematodeinformation.com/biological-control-of-the-red-palm-weevil-rhynchophorus-ferrugineus-with-entomopathogenic-nematodes http://nematodeinformation.com/biological-control-of-the-red-palm-weevil-rhynchophorus-ferrugineus-with-entomopathogenic-nematodes#comments Wed, 21 Apr 2010 13:48:27 +0000 Ganpati Jagdale http://nematodeinformation.com/?p=543 The red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus is considered as a major pest of palms in the Mediterranean Basin. Because of cryptic habitats of these weevils, their management with chemical insecticides is difficult.  It has been demonstrated that the entomopathogenic nematodes have a potential to use as biological control agents against red palm weevils.  For example, Steinernema carpocapsae can cause over 80% mortality of weevils under field conditions when applied in a chitosan formulation (Dembilio et al., 2010, Llacer et al., 2009).

Read following literature for more information

Abbas, M.S.T., Saleh, M.M.E. and Akil, A.M. 2001.  Laboratory and field evaluation of the pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematodes to the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliv.) (Col.: Curculionidae). Anzeiger Fur Schadlingskunde-Journal of Pest Science. 74: 167-168.

Dembilio, O., Llacer, E., de Altube, M.D.M. and Jacas, J.A. 2010.  Field efficacy of imidacloprid and Steinernema carpocapsae in a chitosan formulation against the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Phoenix canariensis. Pest Management Science. 66: 365-370.

Llacer, E., de Altube, M.M.M. and Jacas, J.A. 2009.  Evaluation of the efficacy of Steinernema carpocapsae in a chitosan formulation against the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, in Phoenix canariensis. Biocontrol. 54: 559-565.

Monzer, A.E, and El-Rahman, R.A. 2003.  Effect on Heterorhabditis indica of substances occurring in decomposing palm tissues infested by Rhynchophorus ferrugineus. Nematology. 5: 647-652.

Salama, H.S., Abd-Elgawad, M. 2001.  Isolation of heterorhabditid nematodes from palm tree planted areas and their implications in the red palm weevil control. Anzeiger Fur Schadlingskunde-Journal of Pest Science. 74: 43-45.

Salama, H.S. and Abd-Elgawad, M. 2002.  Activity of heterorhabditid nematodes at high temperature and in combination with cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus. Anzeiger Fur Schadlingskunde-Journal of Pest Science. 75: 78-80.

]]> http://nematodeinformation.com/biological-control-of-the-red-palm-weevil-rhynchophorus-ferrugineus-with-entomopathogenic-nematodes/feed 0 Entomopathogenic nematodes can be applied through infected insect host cadavers http://nematodeinformation.com/entomopathogenic-nematodes-can-be-applied-through-infected-insect-host-cadavers http://nematodeinformation.com/entomopathogenic-nematodes-can-be-applied-through-infected-insect-host-cadavers#comments Thu, 01 Apr 2010 18:45:27 +0000 Ganpati Jagdale http://nematodeinformation.com/?p=501 Entomopathogenic nematodes are generally applied as infective juveniles in aqueous suspensions using various techniques including irrigation systems, sprayers and water cans. These nematodes can also be applied through infected host cadavers. It has been demonstrated that the application of nematode infected insect cadavers can provide superior nematode dispersal (Shapiro and Glazer, 1996), infectivity (Shapiro and Lewis, 1999) and survival (Perez et al., 2003) when compared with the nematodes that applied in aqueous suspensions.

Please read following literature to learn more about the advantages and disadvantages of applying nematodes through infected insect cadavers.

Creighton, C.S. and Fassuliotis, G. 1985.  Heterorhabditis sp. (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae): a nematode parasite isolated from the banded cucumber beetle Diabrotica balteata. Journal of Nematology. 17: 150–153.

Del Valle, E.E., Dolinksi, C., Barreto, E.L.S. and Souza, R.M. 2009.  Effect of cadaver coatings on emergence and infectivity of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis baujardi LPP7 (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) and the removal of cadavers by ants. Biological Control 50: 21–24.

Del Valle, E.E., Dolinksi, C., Barreto, E.L.S., Souza, R.M. and Samuels, R.I. 2008.  Efficacy of Heterorhabditis baujardi LP77 (Nematoda: Rhabditida) applied in Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) insect cadavers to Conotrachelus psidii (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) larvae. Biocontrol Science and Technology. 18: 33–41.

Perez, E.E., Lewis, E.E and Shapiro-Ilan, D.I. 2003.  Impact of host cadaver on survival and infectivity of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) under desiccating conditions. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 82: 111–118.

Shapiro, D.I and Lewis, E.E. 1999.  Comparison of entomopathogenic nematode infectivity from infected hosts versus aqueous suspension. Environmental Entomology. 28: 907–911.

Shapiro, D.I. and Glazer, I. 1996.  Comparison of entomopathogenic nematode dispersal from infected hosts versus aqueous suspension. Environmental Entomology. 25: 1455–1461.

Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Lewis, E.E., Behle, R.W and McGuire, M.R. 2001.  Formulation of entomopathogenic nematode-infected-cadavers. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 78: 17–23.

Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Lewis, E.E., Tedders, W.L. and Son, Y. 2003.  Superior efficacy observed in entomopathogenic nematodes applied in infected-host cadavers compared with application in aqueous suspension, Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 83: 270–272.

Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Tedders, W.L. and Lewis, E.E., 2008. Application of entomopathogenic nematode-infected cadavers from hard-bodied arthropods for insect suppression. US Patent 7374,773.

]]> http://nematodeinformation.com/entomopathogenic-nematodes-can-be-applied-through-infected-insect-host-cadavers/feed 0 Manage insect pests of Strawberries with entomopathogenic nematodes http://nematodeinformation.com/manage-insect-pests-of-strawberries-with-entomopathogenic-nematodes http://nematodeinformation.com/manage-insect-pests-of-strawberries-with-entomopathogenic-nematodes#comments Sat, 23 Jan 2010 21:05:58 +0000 Ganpati Jagdale http://nematodeinformation.com/?p=362 Strawberries are one of the most economically grown crops throughout the world and in North America with annual yields ranging from 4-20 tons per acre and average monitory values between $2,800 to $14000 per acre.  There are several kinds of insect pests have been reported that attack and cause significant economic losses (over 60%) to this crop.   Different species of entomopathogenic have been used as biological control agents against different  insect pests of strawberries. It has been demonstrated that  the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema kraussei can reduce over 81%  population of black vine weevil (Ansari et al., 2010; Susurluk and Ehlers, 2008; Willmott et al., 2002). Entomopathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis megidis and H. downesi also can reduce 93 and 51% population of black vine weevil, respectively (Boff et al., 2001, 2002; Lola-Luz et al., 2005; Fitters et al., 2001). Populations of black vine weevils were also reduced by application of infective juveniles of Steinernema carpocapsae and S. glaseri (Booth et la., 2002). Steinernema carpocapsae can reduce 51% population of strawberry crown moth (Bruck et al., 2008).

Please read following literature for more information on interaction between insect pests of strawberries and different species entomopathogenic nematodes.

Ansari, M.A., Shah, F.A. and Butt, T.M. 2010.  The entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema kraussei and Metarhizium anisopliae work synergistically in controlling overwintering larvae of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, in strawberry growbags. Biocontrol Science and Technology. 20: 99-105.

Berry, R.E., Liu, J. and Groth, E. 1997.  Efficacy and persistence of Heterorhabditis marelatus (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) against root weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in strawberry. Environmental Entomology. 26: 465-470.

Boff, M.I.C., van Tol, R.H.W.M. and Smits, P.H. 2002.  Behavioural response of Heterorhabditis megidis towards plant roots and insect larvae. Biocontrol. 47: 67-83.

Boff, M.I.C., Wiegers, G.L. and Smits, P.H. 2001.  Influence of insect larvae and plant roots on the host-finding behaviour of Heterorhabditis megidis. Biocontrol Science and Technology. 11: 493-504.

Boff, M.I.C., Zoon, F.C. and Smits, P.H. 2001.  Orientation of Heterorhabditis megidis to insect hosts and plant roots in a Y-tube sand olfactometer. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 98: 329-337.

Booth, S.R., Tanigoshi, L.K., Shanks, C.H. 2002.  Evaluation of entomopathogenic nematodes to manage root weevil larvae in Washington state cranberry, strawberry, and red raspberry. Environmental Entomology. 31: 895-902.

Bruck, D.J., Edwards, D.L. and Donahue, K.M. 2008.  Susceptibility of the strawberry crown moth (Lepidoptera : Sesiidae) to entomopathogenic nematodes. Journal of Economic Entomology. 101: 251-255.

Curran, J. 1992. Influence of application method and pest population-size on the field efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes. Journal of Nematology. 24: 631-636.

Fitters, P.F.L., Dunne, R. and Griffin, C.T. 2001.  Vine weevil control in Ireland with entomopathogenic nematodes: optimal time of application. Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research. 40: 199-213.

KakouliDuarte, T., Labuschagne, L. and Hague, N.G.M. 1997.  Biological control of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) with entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda: Rhabditida). Annals of Applied Biology. 131: 11-27.

Lola-Luz, T. and Downes, M. 2007.  Biological control of black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus in Ireland using Heterorhabditis megidis. Biological Control. 40: 314-319.

Lola-Luz, T., Downes, M. and Dunne, R. 2005.  Control of black vine weevil larvae Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) in grow bags outdoors with nematodes. Agricultural and Forest Entomology. 7: 121-126.

Simser, D. and Roberts, S. 1994.  Suppression of strawberry root weevil, Otiorhynchus-ovatus, in cranberries by entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda, Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae). Nematologica. 40: 456-462.

Susurluk, A. and Ehlers, R.U. 2008.  Sustainable control of black vine weevil larvae, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) with Heterorhabditis bacteriophora in strawberry. Biocontrol Science and Technology. 18: 635-640.

Vainio, A. and Hokkanen, H.M.T. 1993.  The potential of entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes against Otiorhynchus-ovatus L and O. dubius strom (Col, Curculionidae) in the field. Journal of Applied Entomology-Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie. 115: 379-387.

Willmott, D.M., Hart, A.J., Long, S.J., Edmondson, R.N. and Richardson, P.N. 2002.  Use of a cold-active entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema kraussei to control overwintering larvae of the black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in outdoor strawberry plants. Nematology. 4: 925-932.

Wilson, M., Nitzsche, P. and Shearer, P.W. 1999.  Entomopathogenic nematodes to control black vine weevil (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) on strawberry. Journal of Economic Entomology. 92: 651-657.

]]> http://nematodeinformation.com/manage-insect-pests-of-strawberries-with-entomopathogenic-nematodes/feed 0 Control of Black Vine Weevils with Insect Parasitic Nematodes http://nematodeinformation.com/control-of-black-vine-weevils-with-insect-parasitic-nematodes http://nematodeinformation.com/control-of-black-vine-weevils-with-insect-parasitic-nematodes#comments Fri, 18 Sep 2009 17:01:20 +0000 Ganpati Jagdale http://nematodeinformation.com/?p=171
  • Black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus is a common insect pest of over 150 plant species that grown in the greenhouses and nurseries. Some of the plant species damaged by black vine weevils include Azalea, Cyclamen, Euonymus, Fuxia, Rosa, Rhododendron and Taxus. Grubs (Larvae) of these weevils generally girdle the main stem, and feed and damage roots leading to nutrient deficiencies. Adults feed on leaves and flowers by notching their edges thus reducing aesthetic value of plants.
  • The entomopathogenic nematodes species including Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, H. megidis and Steinernema carpocapase, S. feltiae and S. glaseri have been found to be effective alternatives to chemical insecticides such as chlorpyrifos (Dursban) in controlling black vine weevils. Susceptibility of black vine weevil to nematodes is species and strain specific. The rate of application of the nematode species/strains that tested against black vine weevil varies (5,000- 60,000 infective juveniles/pot) among different studies but nematodes applied at the rate of 5000- 20,000 infective juveniles/pot can cause up to 100% grub mortality.  Nematodes can be easily applied in water suspension as spray applications to the surface of plant growing medium but if nematodes are injected at depths deeper than 5 cm i.e. near to grubs they can cause highest mortality of grubs (70-93%) than those nematodes applied to the surface. All the four larval stages (instars) and pupae of black vine weevil are susceptible to all entomopathogenic nematode species. However, Heterorhabdtis bacteriophora can cause higher mortality of first and second instars than S. carpocapase and S. glaseri. Also, all the three nematodes species are equally effective against third and fourth instars of black vine weevil.

    • How Entomopathogenic Nematodes Kill Black Vine Weevil

    • When the infective juveniles are applied to the surface of plant growing medium or injected in the potting medium, they start searching for their hosts, in this case black vine weevil grubs and pupae. Once a grub/pupa has been located, the nematode infective juveniles penetrate into the grub or pupa body cavity via natural openings (mouth, anus and spiracles). Infective juveniles of Heterorhabditis also enter through the intersegmental members of the grub/pupa cuticle. Once in the body cavity, infective juveniles release symbiotic bacteria (Xenorhabdus spp. for Steinernematidae and Photorhabdus spp. for Heterorhabditidae) from their gut in the grub blood. Multiplying nematode-bacterium complex in the blood causes septicemia and kills the grub usually within 48 h after infection. Nematodes feed on multiplying bacteria, mature into adults, reproduce and then emerge as infective juveniles from the cadaver to seek new grubs or pupae in the potting medium/soil.
    ]]>     http://nematodeinformation.com/control-of-black-vine-weevils-with-insect-parasitic-nematodes/feed 0     Entomopathogenic Nematode Facts http://nematodeinformation.com/entomopathogenic-nematode-facts http://nematodeinformation.com/entomopathogenic-nematode-facts#comments Sun, 02 Mar 2008 23:21:31 +0000 Ganpati Jagdale http://nematodeinformation.com/?p=6 Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) of the two genera Steinernema Travassos, 1927 and Heterorhabditis Poinar, 1976 in the order Rhabdita kill most insects but they are harmless to some beneficial insects (e.g. honey bees), higher animals and environment.

    Third-stage juvenile is the only free-living stage in the life cycle of the nematode known as the infective juvenile or dauer juvenile that found in soil and can seek, infect and kill their insect hosts.

    These infective juveniles are mutualistically associated with symbiotic bacteria (Xenorhabdus spp. or Photorhabdus spp.) in the family Enterobacteriaceae, which are capable of causing disease in insect pests and killing them.

    Species of genus, Xenorhabdus are specifically assocaited with the members of the nematode genusSteinernema and Photorhabdus species are associated with the members of nematode genusHeterorhabditis.

    In this mutualistic relationship, the nematode infective juveniles provides protection for bacterium outside the insect host (as bacterium is unable to survive in the outside environment i.e. soil or water) and a means of transmission to new hosts and in return bacteria provides nutrients required for the nematode development and reproduction.

    Infective juveniles are adapted to remain in the soil environment without feeding until they find a suitable host.

    They are also resistant to unfavorable environmental conditions such as desiccation, heat and freezing.

    EPNs can infect soil dwelling stages of butterflies, moths, beetles, flies, crickets and grasshoppers.

    Infective juveniles of different nematode species employ different foraging strategy to find and infect their insect hosts. For example, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora is a cruiser forager meaning that it actively finds out or hunts its prey, Steinernema carpocapsae is an ambusher forager that sits and wait for a pray to pass by and S. feltiae and S. rivobrave are intermediate foragers.

    EPNs are now commercially produced using both in vivo (in living host) and in vitro (in artificial medium) techniques.

    Since EPNs have a wide host range, they are currently used as potential biological control agents to manage insect pests of many field crops, greenhouse and nursery plants, horticultural crops, turfgrass, and in some instances insect pests of animals and humans.

    EPNs also have a potential to use as biocontrol agents against plant-parasitic nematodes.

    Commercially produced nematode infective juveniles can be stored for extended periods and easily applied in aqueous suspensions in the field using traditional sprayers.

    Also, EPNs are compatible with several chemical fungicides, insecticides, nematicides and herbicides, and therefore, they can be easily included in IPM programs.

    Under current pesticide regulations, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has exempted these biological control agents from registration.

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