Nematode Information » Steinernema http://nematodeinformation.com a blog about insect and plant parasitic nematodes Mon, 06 Feb 2012 14:39:45 +0000 en hourly 1 http://wordpress.org/?v=3.2.1 Control of Black Vine Weevils with Insect Parasitic Nematodes http://nematodeinformation.com/control-of-black-vine-weevils-with-insect-parasitic-nematodes http://nematodeinformation.com/control-of-black-vine-weevils-with-insect-parasitic-nematodes#comments Fri, 18 Sep 2009 17:01:20 +0000 Ganpati Jagdale http://nematodeinformation.com/?p=171
  • Black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus is a common insect pest of over 150 plant species that grown in the greenhouses and nurseries. Some of the plant species damaged by black vine weevils include Azalea, Cyclamen, Euonymus, Fuxia, Rosa, Rhododendron and Taxus. Grubs (Larvae) of these weevils generally girdle the main stem, and feed and damage roots leading to nutrient deficiencies. Adults feed on leaves and flowers by notching their edges thus reducing aesthetic value of plants.
  • The entomopathogenic nematodes species including Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, H. megidis and Steinernema carpocapase, S. feltiae and S. glaseri have been found to be effective alternatives to chemical insecticides such as chlorpyrifos (Dursban) in controlling black vine weevils. Susceptibility of black vine weevil to nematodes is species and strain specific. The rate of application of the nematode species/strains that tested against black vine weevil varies (5,000- 60,000 infective juveniles/pot) among different studies but nematodes applied at the rate of 5000- 20,000 infective juveniles/pot can cause up to 100% grub mortality.  Nematodes can be easily applied in water suspension as spray applications to the surface of plant growing medium but if nematodes are injected at depths deeper than 5 cm i.e. near to grubs they can cause highest mortality of grubs (70-93%) than those nematodes applied to the surface. All the four larval stages (instars) and pupae of black vine weevil are susceptible to all entomopathogenic nematode species. However, Heterorhabdtis bacteriophora can cause higher mortality of first and second instars than S. carpocapase and S. glaseri. Also, all the three nematodes species are equally effective against third and fourth instars of black vine weevil.

    • How Entomopathogenic Nematodes Kill Black Vine Weevil

    • When the infective juveniles are applied to the surface of plant growing medium or injected in the potting medium, they start searching for their hosts, in this case black vine weevil grubs and pupae. Once a grub/pupa has been located, the nematode infective juveniles penetrate into the grub or pupa body cavity via natural openings (mouth, anus and spiracles). Infective juveniles of Heterorhabditis also enter through the intersegmental members of the grub/pupa cuticle. Once in the body cavity, infective juveniles release symbiotic bacteria (Xenorhabdus spp. for Steinernematidae and Photorhabdus spp. for Heterorhabditidae) from their gut in the grub blood. Multiplying nematode-bacterium complex in the blood causes septicemia and kills the grub usually within 48 h after infection. Nematodes feed on multiplying bacteria, mature into adults, reproduce and then emerge as infective juveniles from the cadaver to seek new grubs or pupae in the potting medium/soil.
    ]]>     http://nematodeinformation.com/control-of-black-vine-weevils-with-insect-parasitic-nematodes/feed 0     Symbiotic bacteria of Steinernematid nematodes- Xenorhabdus species http://nematodeinformation.com/association-of-steinernema-species-with-xenorhabdus-species http://nematodeinformation.com/association-of-steinernema-species-with-xenorhabdus-species#comments Sun, 06 Apr 2008 20:21:59 +0000 Ganpati Jagdale http://nematodeinformation.com/?p=18

    1. Steinernema abbasi- undescribed
    2. S. aciari- undescribed
    3. S. affine-Xenorhabdus bovienii
    4. S. akhursti- undescribed
    5. S. anatoliense- undescribed
    6. S. apuliae- undescribed
    7. S. arenarium- X. kozodoii
    8. S. ashiuense- undescribed
    9. S. asiaticum- undescribed
    10. S. backanense- undescribed
    11. S. beddingi- undescribed
    12. S. bicornutum- X. budapestensis
    13. S. carpocapsae- X. nematophila
    14. S. caudatum- undescribed
    15. S. ceratophorum- undescribed
    16. S. cholashanense- undescribed
    17. S. cubanum- X. poinarii
    18. S. cumgarense- undescribed
    19. S. diaprepesi- undescribed
    20. S. eapokense- undescribed
    21. S. feltiae- X. bovienii
    22. S. glaseri- X. poinarii
    23. S. guangdongense- undescribed
    24. S. hebeiense- undescribed
    25. S. hermaphroditum- undescribed
    26. S. intermedium – X. bovienii
    27. S. jollieti-undescribed
    28. S. karii- undescribed
    29. S. khoisanae- undescribed
    30. S. kraussei- X. bovienii
    31. S. kushidai- X. japonica
    32. S. leizhouense- undescribed
    33. S. litorale- undescribed
    34. S. loci- undescribed
    35. S. longicaudum- undescribed
    36. S. monticolum- undescribed
    37. S. neocurtillae- undescribed
    38. S. oregonense- undescribed
    39. S. pakistanense- undescribed
    40. S. puertoricense- X. romanii
    41. S. rarum- X. szentirmaii
    42. S. riobrave- Xenorhabdus sp
    43. S. ritteri- Xenorhabdus sp
    44. S. robustispiculum- undescribed
    45. S. sangi- undescribed
    46. S. sasonense- undescribed
    47. S. scapterisci- X. innexi
    48. S. scarabaei- X. koppenhoeferi
    49. S. serratum- X. ehlersii
    50. S. siamkayai- X. stockiae
    51. S. sichuanense- X. bovienii
    52. S. silvaticum- undescribed
    53. S. tami- Xenorhabdus sp
    54. S. texanum- undescribed
    55. S. thanhi- undescribed
    56. S. thermophilum- X. indica
    57. S. websteri- undescribed
    58. S. weiseri- undescribed
    59. S. yirgalemense- undescribed

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    ]]>     http://nematodeinformation.com/association-of-steinernema-species-with-xenorhabdus-species/feed 0     Symbiotic bacterial genus, Xenorhabdus Thomas and Poinar 1979 http://nematodeinformation.com/symbiotic-bacterial-genus-xenorhabdus-thomas-and-poinar-1979 http://nematodeinformation.com/symbiotic-bacterial-genus-xenorhabdus-thomas-and-poinar-1979#comments Fri, 21 Mar 2008 01:14:38 +0000 Ganpati Jagdale http://nematodeinformation.com/?p=11 known species of symbiotic bacterial genus Xenorhabdus Thomas and Poinar 1979 associated with a nematode genus Steinernema.

    Identification based on colony morphology and molecular techniques

    1. Xenorhabdus beddingii (Akhurst 1986) Akhurst and Boemare 1993
    2. X. bovienii (Akhurst 1983) Akhurst and Boemare 1993
    3. X. budapestensis Lengyel, Lang, Fodor, Szállás, Schumann, Stackebrandt, 2005
    4. X. cabanillasii Tailliez, Pagès, Ginibre & Boemare, 2006
    5. X. doucetiae Tailliez, Pagès, Ginibre & Boemare, 2006
    6. X. ehlersii Lengyel, Lang, Fodor, Szállás, Schumann, Stackebrandt, 2005
    7. X. griffiniae Tailliez, Pagès, Ginibre & Boemare, 2006
    8. X. hominickii Tailliez, Pagès, Ginibre & Boemare, 2006
    9. X. indica Somvanshi, Lang, Ganguly, Swiderski, Saxena, & Stackebrandt 2006
    10. X. innexi Lengyel, Lang, Fodor, Szállás, Schumann, Stackebrandt, 2005
    11. X. japonica Nishimura et al. 1995
    12. X. koppenhoeferi Tailliez, Pagès, Ginibre & Boemare, 2006
    13. X. kozodoii Tailliez, Pagès, Ginibre & Boemare, 2006
    14. X. mauleonii Tailliez, Pagès, Ginibre & Boemare, 2006
    15. X. miraniensis Tailliez, Pagès, Ginibre & Boemare, 2006
    16. X. nematophila (Poinar and Thomas 1965) Thomas and Poinar 1979
    17. X. poinarii (Akhurst 1983) Akhurst and Boemare 1993
    18. X. romanii Tailliez, Pagès, Ginibre & Boemare, 2006
    19. X. stockiae Tailliez, Pagès, Ginibre & Boemare, 2006
    20. X. szentirmaii Lengyel, Lang, Fodor, Szállás, Schumann, Stackebrandt, 2005

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    ]]>     http://nematodeinformation.com/symbiotic-bacterial-genus-xenorhabdus-thomas-and-poinar-1979/feed 0     Species of the genus Steinernema Travassos, 1927 http://nematodeinformation.com/known-species-of-steinernema-travassos-1927 http://nematodeinformation.com/known-species-of-steinernema-travassos-1927#comments Sun, 09 Mar 2008 20:23:17 +0000 Ganpati Jagdale http://nematodeinformation.com/?p=7 Known species of Steinernema Travassos, 1927 with a biocontrol potential- Identification was based on morphological and molecular techniques

    1. Steinernema abbasi Elawad, Ahma & Reid, 1997
    2. S. aciari Qiu, Yan, Zhou, Nguyen & Pang, 2004
    3. S. affine (Bovien, 1937) Wouts, Mrácek, Gerdin & Bedding, 1982
    4. S. akhursti Qiu, Hu, Zhou, Mei, Nguyen, & Pang, 2005
    5. S. anatoliense Hazir, Stock & Keskin, 2003
    6. S. apuliae Triggiani, Mracek & Reid, 2004
    7. S. arenarium (Artyukhovsky, 1967) Wouts, Mrácek, Gerdin & Bedding, 1982
    8. S. ashiuense Phan, Takemoto & Futai, 2006
    9. S. asiaticum Shahina, Reid & Rowe, 2002
    10. S. backanense Phan, Spiridonov, Subbotin & Moens, 2006
    11. S. beddingi Qiu, Hu, Zhou, Pang & Nguyen, 2005
    12. S. bicornutum Tallosi, Peters & Ehlers 1995
    13. S. brazilense, Nguyen, Ginarte, Leite, dos Santos, & Harakava, 2010
    14. S. carpocapsae (Weiser, 1955) Wouts, Mrácek, Gerdin & Bedding, 1982
    15. S. caudatum Xu, Wang & Li, 1991
    16. S. ceratophorum Jian, Reid & Hunt 1997
    17. S. cholashanense Nguyen, Puža & Mrácek, 2008
    18. S. citrae Stokwe, Malan, Nguyen, Knoetze, & Tiedt, 2011
    19. S. costaricense Uribe, Mora & Stock, 2007
    20. S. cubanum Mrá¡cek, Hernandez & Boemare, 1994
    21. S. cumgarense Phan, Spiridonov, Subbotin & Moens, 2006
    22. S. diaprepesi Nguyen, & Duncan, 2002
    23. S. eapokense Phan, Spiridonov, Subbotin & Moens, 2006
    24. S. feltiae (Filipjev, 1934) Wouts, Mrácek, Gerdin & Bedding, 1982
    25. S. glaseri (Steiner, 1929) Wouts, Mracek, Gerdin & Bedding, 1982
    26. S. guangdongense Qiu, Fang, Zhou, Pang, & Nguyen, 2004
    27. S. hebeiense Chen, Li, Yan, Spiridonov & Moens 2006
    28. S. hermaphroditum Stock, Griffin, & Chaerani, 2004
    29. S. intermedium (Poinar, 1985) Mamiya, 1988
    30. S. jollieti Spiridonov, Krasomil-Osterfeld & Moens, 2004
    31. S. karii Waturu, Hunt & Reid, 1997
    32. S. khoisanae Nguyen, Malan, & Gozel, 2006
    33. S. kraussei (Steiner, 1923) Travassos, 1927
    34. S. kushidai Mamiya, 1988
    35. S. leizhouense Nguyen, Qiu, Zhou, & Pang, 2006
    36. S. litorale Yoshida, 2004
    37. S. loci Phan, Nguyen & Moens, 2001
    38. S. longicaudum Shen & Wang, 1992
    39. S. monticolum Stock, Choo & Kaya, 1997
    40. S. neocurtillae Nguyen & Smart, 1992
    41. S. oregonense Liu & Berry, 1996
    42. S. pakistanense Shahina, Anis, Reid, Rowe & Maqbool, 2001
    43. S. puertoricense Roman & Figueroa, 1994
    44. S. puntauvense Uribe, Mora & Stock, 2007
    45. S. rarum (Doucet, 1986) Mamiya, 1988
    46. S. riobrave Cabanillas, Poinar & Raulston, 1994
    47. S. ritteri de Doucet & Doucet, 1992
    48. S. robustispiculum Phan, Subbotin, Waeyenberge, & Moens, 2005
    49. S. sangi Phan, Nguyen & Moens, 2001
    50. S. sasonense Phan, Spiridonov, Subbotin & Moens, 2006
    51. S. scapterisci Nguyen & Smart, 1992
    52. S. scarabaei Stock & Koppenhöfer 2003
    53. S. serratum Liu, 1992
    54. S. siamkayai Stock, Somsook & Kaya, 1998
    55. S. sichuanense Mrácek, Nguyen, Tailliez, Boemare & Chen, 2006
    56. S. silvaticum Sturhan, Spiridonov & Mracek, 2005
    57. S. tami Luc, Nguyen, Reid & Spiridonov, 2000
    58. S. texanum Nguyen, Stuart, Andalo, Gozel, & Roger, 2007
    59. S. thanhi Phan, Nguyen & Moens, 2001
    60. S. thermophilum Ganguly & Singh, 2000
    61. S. websteri Cutler & Stock, 2003
    62. S. weiseri Mrácek, Sturhan & Reid, 2003
    63. S. xueshanense, Mracek, Liu, & Nguyen, 2009
    64. S. yirgalemense Nguyen, Tesfamariam, Gozel, Gaugler, & Adams, 2005

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