Nematode Information » Symbiotic bacteria http://nematodeinformation.com a blog about insect and plant parasitic nematodes Mon, 06 Feb 2012 14:39:45 +0000 en hourly 1 http://wordpress.org/?v=3.2.1 Why some insect-parasitic nematodes are called entomopathogenic nematodes? http://nematodeinformation.com/why-some-insect-parasitic-nematodes-are-called-as-entomopathogenic-nematodes-nematode-information http://nematodeinformation.com/why-some-insect-parasitic-nematodes-are-called-as-entomopathogenic-nematodes-nematode-information#comments Fri, 18 Nov 2011 19:16:32 +0000 Ganpati Jagdale http://nematodeinformation.com/?p=953 Entomopathogenic Nematodes- Nematode Information

Insect-parasitic nematodes that belong to both Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae families are also called as entomopathogenic nematodes because they cause disease to their insect hosts with the help of mutualistically associated symbiotic bacterial pathogens. The entomopathogenic nematodes that belong to families Steinernematidae (Steinernema spp.) Heterorhabditidae (Heterorhabditis spp.) are symbiotically associated with species specific bacteria, Xenorhabdus spp. and Photorhabdus spp., respectively.  The infective juveniles of entomopathogenic nematodes from both these families carry hundreds of specific bacterium cells in their guts and use them to cause disease and kill their insect host within 48 hours after infection.

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Infective juveniles of entomopathogenic nematodes- Photo by Ganpati Jagdale

]]> http://nematodeinformation.com/why-some-insect-parasitic-nematodes-are-called-as-entomopathogenic-nematodes-nematode-information/feed 0 Virulence Mechanisms of symbiotic bacteria Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus spp http://nematodeinformation.com/differences-in-molecular-mechanisms-of-virulence-of-symbiotic-bacteria-photorhabdus-spp-and-xenorhabdus-spp-nematode-information http://nematodeinformation.com/differences-in-molecular-mechanisms-of-virulence-of-symbiotic-bacteria-photorhabdus-spp-and-xenorhabdus-spp-nematode-information#comments Sun, 30 Oct 2011 01:44:01 +0000 Ganpati Jagdale http://nematodeinformation.com/?p=910 Entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria- Nematode Information

Molecular studies demonstrated that the closely related Photorhabdus, symbiotic bacteria of Heterorhabditis nematodes and Xenorhabdus, symbiotic bacteria of Steinernematid nematodes have developed totally different molecular strategies for the same objective of virulence to insects and symbiosis with the nematode.

These findings were presented by An, R. and Grewal, P.S. at the 50th annual meeting of the Society of Nematologists held in Corvallis, Oregon from July 17-20, 2011.

]]> http://nematodeinformation.com/differences-in-molecular-mechanisms-of-virulence-of-symbiotic-bacteria-photorhabdus-spp-and-xenorhabdus-spp-nematode-information/feed 0 Antimicrobial activities of symbiotic bacteria of entomopathogenic nematodes http://nematodeinformation.com/antimicrobial-activities-of-symbiotic-bacteria-of-entomopathogenic-nematodes http://nematodeinformation.com/antimicrobial-activities-of-symbiotic-bacteria-of-entomopathogenic-nematodes#comments Wed, 07 Sep 2011 18:47:15 +0000 Ganpati Jagdale http://nematodeinformation.com/?p=828 Entomopathogenic nematode symbiotic bacteria and antimicrobial activity

The compounds produced by entomopathogenic nematode symbiotic bacteria Xenorhabdus bovienii have showed antimicrtobial activity against two fungus species including Botrytis cinerea and Phytophthora capsici (Fang et al., 2011).  Both of these fungi causes diseases to many plant species.

Publications on antimicrobial activity of entomopathogenic nematode symbiotic bacteria.

  1. Fang, X. L., Feng, J. T., Zhang, W. G., Wang, Y. H. and Zhang, X. 2010. Optimization of growth medium and fermentation conditions for improved antibiotic activity of Xenorhabdus nematophila TB using a statistical approach.  African Journal of Biotechnology 9: 8068-8077.
  2. Fang, X.L., Li, Z.Z., Wang, Y.H. and Zhang, X. 2011.   In vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity of Xenorhabdus bovienii YL002 against Phytophthora capsici and Botrytis cinerea. Journal of Applied Microbiology 111: 145-154.
  3. Furgani, G., Boeszoermenyi, E., Fodor, A., Mathe-Fodor, A., Forst, S., Hogan, J.S., Katona, Z.,  Klein, M.G., Stackebrandt, E., Szentirmai, A., Sztaricskai, F. and Wolf, S. L. 2008.  Xenorhabdus antibiotics: a comparative analysis and potential utility for controlling mastitis caused by bacteria.  Journal of Applied Microbiology 104: 745-758.
  4. Isaacson, P.J. and Webster, J.M. 2002.  Antimicrobial activity of Xenorhabus sp RIO (Enterobacteriaceae), symbiont of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema riobrave (Rhabditida : Steinernematidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 79: 146-153.
  5. Wang, Y.H., Fang, X.L., Li, Y.P. and Zhang, X. 2010.  Effects of constant and shifting dissolved oxygen concentration on the growth and antibiotic activity of Xenorhabdus nematophila. Bioresource Technology 101: 7529-7536.
  6. Wang, Y.H., Feng, J.T., Zhang, Q. and Zhang, X. 2008.  Optimization of fermentation condition for antibiotic production by Xenorhabdus nematophila with response surface methodology. Journal of Applied Microbiology 104s: 735-744.
  7. Yang, X.F., Qiu, D.W., Yang, H.W., Liu, Z., Zeng, H.M. and Yuan, J.J. 2011.  Antifungal activity of xenocoumacin 1 from Xenorhabdus nematophilus var. pekingensis against Phytophthora infestans. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 27: 523-528.
]]> http://nematodeinformation.com/antimicrobial-activities-of-symbiotic-bacteria-of-entomopathogenic-nematodes/feed 0 Fungicidal activity of an antibacterial compound from entomopathogenic nematode symbiotic bacterium. http://nematodeinformation.com/fungicidal-activity-of-an-antibacterial-compound-from-entomopathogenic-nematode-symbiotic-bacterium http://nematodeinformation.com/fungicidal-activity-of-an-antibacterial-compound-from-entomopathogenic-nematode-symbiotic-bacterium#comments Wed, 06 Apr 2011 01:39:00 +0000 Ganpati Jagdale http://nematodeinformation.com/?p=783 Recently, Yang et al. (2011) tested a fungicidal activity of an antibacterial compound called Xenocoumacin 1 (Xcn1) from symbiotic bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila var. pekingensis against Potato late blight disease causing fungus, Phytophthora infestans.  These authors reported that this antibacterial compound strongly inhibits P. infestans mycelium growth and sporangia production.

Read following papers on antibacterial compounds from entomopathogenic nematode symbiotic bacteria.

Akhurst, R.J. 1982.  Aantibiotic-activity of xenorhabdus spp, bacteria symbiotically associated with insect pathogenic nematodes of the families Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae . Journal of General Microbiology 128: 3061.

Bowen, D. 1998. Insecticidal toxins from the bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens. Science 280 : 2129.

Fang, X. L., Feng, J.T., Zhang, W. G., Wang, Y. H. and Zhang, X. 2010.  Optimization of growth medium and fermentation conditions for improved antibiotic activity of Xenorhabdus nematophila TB using a statistical approach.  African Journal of Biotechnology: 9: 8068-8077.

Gualtieri, M. 2009. Identification of a new antimicrobial lysine-rich cyclolipopeptide family from Xenorhabdus nematophila. Journal of Antibiotics 62: 295.

Ji, D. 2004. Identification of an antibacterial compound, benzylideneacetone, from Xenorhabdus nematophila against major plant-pathogenic bacteria. FEMS Microbiology Letters 239: 241.

Li, J.X. 1995. Antimicrobial metabolites from a bacterial symbiont. Journal of Natural Products-Lloydia 58: 1081.

Li, J.X. 1997. Nematophin, a novel antimicrobial substance produced by Xenorhabdus nematophilus (Enterobactereaceae). Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43: 770.

Mcinerney, B.V. 1991. Biologically-active metabolites from Xenorhabdus spp .1. dithiolopyrrolone derivatives with antibiotic-activity. Journal of Natural Products 54: 774.

Mcinerney, B.V. 1991. Biologically-active metabolites from Xenorhabdus spp.2. BENZOPYRAN-1-ONE derivatives with gastroprotective activity. Journal of Natural Products 54: 785.

Paul, V.J. 1981. Antibiotics in microbial ecology – isolation and structure assignment of several new anti-bacterial compounds from the insect-symbiotic bacteria Xenorhabdus Spp. Journal of Chemical Ecology 7: 589.

Wang, Y.H.  2008. Enhanced antibiotic activity of Xenorhabdus nematophila by medium optimization. Bioresource Technology 99: 1708.

Yang , X.F., Qiu, D.W., Yang, H.W., Liu, Z., Zeng, H.M. and Yuan, J.J.  2011.  Antifungal activity of xenocoumacin 1 from Xenorhabdus nematophilus var. pekingensis against Phytophthora infestans . World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 27: 523-528.

]]> http://nematodeinformation.com/fungicidal-activity-of-an-antibacterial-compound-from-entomopathogenic-nematode-symbiotic-bacterium/feed 0 How do entomopathogenic nematodes kill their insect hosts? http://nematodeinformation.com/how-do-entomopathogenic-nematodes-kill-their-insect-hosts http://nematodeinformation.com/how-do-entomopathogenic-nematodes-kill-their-insect-hosts#comments Sun, 14 Mar 2010 20:22:42 +0000 Ganpati Jagdale http://nematodeinformation.com/?p=521 When the infective juveniles of entomopathogenic nematodes are applied to the soil surface in the fields or thatch layer on glf courses, they start searching for their insect hosts. Once insect larva has been located, the nematode infective juveniles penetrate into the larval body cavity via natural openings such as mouth, anus and spiracles. Infective juveniles of Heterorhabditis nematodes can also enter through the intersegmental membranes of the grub cuticle. Once in the body cavity, infective juveniles release symbiotic bacteria (Xenorhabdus spp. for Steinernematidae and Photorhabdus spp. for Heterorhabditidae) from their gut in insect blood. In the blood, multiplying nematode-bacterium complex causes septicemia and kill their insect host usually within 48 h after infection. Nematodes feed on multiplying bacteria, mature into adults, reproduce and then emerge as infective juveniles from the host cadaver to seek new larvae in the soil.

]]> http://nematodeinformation.com/how-do-entomopathogenic-nematodes-kill-their-insect-hosts/feed 0 Control of Black Vine Weevils with Insect Parasitic Nematodes http://nematodeinformation.com/control-of-black-vine-weevils-with-insect-parasitic-nematodes http://nematodeinformation.com/control-of-black-vine-weevils-with-insect-parasitic-nematodes#comments Fri, 18 Sep 2009 17:01:20 +0000 Ganpati Jagdale http://nematodeinformation.com/?p=171
  • Black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus is a common insect pest of over 150 plant species that grown in the greenhouses and nurseries. Some of the plant species damaged by black vine weevils include Azalea, Cyclamen, Euonymus, Fuxia, Rosa, Rhododendron and Taxus. Grubs (Larvae) of these weevils generally girdle the main stem, and feed and damage roots leading to nutrient deficiencies. Adults feed on leaves and flowers by notching their edges thus reducing aesthetic value of plants.
  • The entomopathogenic nematodes species including Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, H. megidis and Steinernema carpocapase, S. feltiae and S. glaseri have been found to be effective alternatives to chemical insecticides such as chlorpyrifos (Dursban) in controlling black vine weevils. Susceptibility of black vine weevil to nematodes is species and strain specific. The rate of application of the nematode species/strains that tested against black vine weevil varies (5,000- 60,000 infective juveniles/pot) among different studies but nematodes applied at the rate of 5000- 20,000 infective juveniles/pot can cause up to 100% grub mortality.  Nematodes can be easily applied in water suspension as spray applications to the surface of plant growing medium but if nematodes are injected at depths deeper than 5 cm i.e. near to grubs they can cause highest mortality of grubs (70-93%) than those nematodes applied to the surface. All the four larval stages (instars) and pupae of black vine weevil are susceptible to all entomopathogenic nematode species. However, Heterorhabdtis bacteriophora can cause higher mortality of first and second instars than S. carpocapase and S. glaseri. Also, all the three nematodes species are equally effective against third and fourth instars of black vine weevil.

    • How Entomopathogenic Nematodes Kill Black Vine Weevil

    • When the infective juveniles are applied to the surface of plant growing medium or injected in the potting medium, they start searching for their hosts, in this case black vine weevil grubs and pupae. Once a grub/pupa has been located, the nematode infective juveniles penetrate into the grub or pupa body cavity via natural openings (mouth, anus and spiracles). Infective juveniles of Heterorhabditis also enter through the intersegmental members of the grub/pupa cuticle. Once in the body cavity, infective juveniles release symbiotic bacteria (Xenorhabdus spp. for Steinernematidae and Photorhabdus spp. for Heterorhabditidae) from their gut in the grub blood. Multiplying nematode-bacterium complex in the blood causes septicemia and kills the grub usually within 48 h after infection. Nematodes feed on multiplying bacteria, mature into adults, reproduce and then emerge as infective juveniles from the cadaver to seek new grubs or pupae in the potting medium/soil.
    ]]>     http://nematodeinformation.com/control-of-black-vine-weevils-with-insect-parasitic-nematodes/feed 0     Symbiotic bacteria of Heterorhabdits nematodes- Photorhabdus species http://nematodeinformation.com/association-of-heterorhabdits-nematodes-with-photorhabdus-species http://nematodeinformation.com/association-of-heterorhabdits-nematodes-with-photorhabdus-species#comments Sun, 06 Apr 2008 20:27:29 +0000 Ganpati Jagdale http://nematodeinformation.com/?p=19

    1. Heterorhabditis amazonensis- undescribed
    2. H. argentinensis- P. temperata
    3. H. bacteriophora- Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. laumondii TT01, P. luminescens kayaii subsp. nov., P. luminescens thracensis subsp. nov., P. temperate
    4. H. baujardi- undescribed
    5. H. brevicaudis- P. luminescens
    6. H. downesi- Photorhabdus sp
    7. H. floridensis- undescribed
    8. H. georgiana- undescribed
    9. H. hambletoni- undescribed
    10. H. hawaiiensis- P. luminescens
    11. H. heliothidis- undescribed
    12. H. hepialius- P. luminescens
    13. H. hoptha- undescribed
    14. H. indica- P. luminescens
    15. H. marelata- P. luminescens
    16. H. megidis- P. temperata subsp. temperata XlNach
    17. H. mexicana- undescribed
    18. H. poinari- Photorhabdus sp
    19. H. safricana- undescribed
    20. H. taysearae- undescribed
    21. H. zealandica- P. temperata

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    ]]>     http://nematodeinformation.com/association-of-heterorhabdits-nematodes-with-photorhabdus-species/feed 0     Symbiotic bacteria of Steinernematid nematodes- Xenorhabdus species http://nematodeinformation.com/association-of-steinernema-species-with-xenorhabdus-species http://nematodeinformation.com/association-of-steinernema-species-with-xenorhabdus-species#comments Sun, 06 Apr 2008 20:21:59 +0000 Ganpati Jagdale http://nematodeinformation.com/?p=18

    1. Steinernema abbasi- undescribed
    2. S. aciari- undescribed
    3. S. affine-Xenorhabdus bovienii
    4. S. akhursti- undescribed
    5. S. anatoliense- undescribed
    6. S. apuliae- undescribed
    7. S. arenarium- X. kozodoii
    8. S. ashiuense- undescribed
    9. S. asiaticum- undescribed
    10. S. backanense- undescribed
    11. S. beddingi- undescribed
    12. S. bicornutum- X. budapestensis
    13. S. carpocapsae- X. nematophila
    14. S. caudatum- undescribed
    15. S. ceratophorum- undescribed
    16. S. cholashanense- undescribed
    17. S. cubanum- X. poinarii
    18. S. cumgarense- undescribed
    19. S. diaprepesi- undescribed
    20. S. eapokense- undescribed
    21. S. feltiae- X. bovienii
    22. S. glaseri- X. poinarii
    23. S. guangdongense- undescribed
    24. S. hebeiense- undescribed
    25. S. hermaphroditum- undescribed
    26. S. intermedium – X. bovienii
    27. S. jollieti-undescribed
    28. S. karii- undescribed
    29. S. khoisanae- undescribed
    30. S. kraussei- X. bovienii
    31. S. kushidai- X. japonica
    32. S. leizhouense- undescribed
    33. S. litorale- undescribed
    34. S. loci- undescribed
    35. S. longicaudum- undescribed
    36. S. monticolum- undescribed
    37. S. neocurtillae- undescribed
    38. S. oregonense- undescribed
    39. S. pakistanense- undescribed
    40. S. puertoricense- X. romanii
    41. S. rarum- X. szentirmaii
    42. S. riobrave- Xenorhabdus sp
    43. S. ritteri- Xenorhabdus sp
    44. S. robustispiculum- undescribed
    45. S. sangi- undescribed
    46. S. sasonense- undescribed
    47. S. scapterisci- X. innexi
    48. S. scarabaei- X. koppenhoeferi
    49. S. serratum- X. ehlersii
    50. S. siamkayai- X. stockiae
    51. S. sichuanense- X. bovienii
    52. S. silvaticum- undescribed
    53. S. tami- Xenorhabdus sp
    54. S. texanum- undescribed
    55. S. thanhi- undescribed
    56. S. thermophilum- X. indica
    57. S. websteri- undescribed
    58. S. weiseri- undescribed
    59. S. yirgalemense- undescribed

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    ]]>     http://nematodeinformation.com/association-of-steinernema-species-with-xenorhabdus-species/feed 0     Symbiotic bacterial genus, Photorhabdus http://nematodeinformation.com/symbiotic-bacterial-genus-photorhabdus http://nematodeinformation.com/symbiotic-bacterial-genus-photorhabdus#comments Sat, 22 Mar 2008 18:07:38 +0000 Ganpati Jagdale http://nematodeinformation.com/?p=12 known species of symbiotic bacterial genus Photorhabdus associated with a nematode genus Heterorhabditis.

    Identification based on colony morphology and molecular techniques

    1. Photorhabdus luminescens (Thomas and Poinar 1979) Boemare et al. 1993
    2. P. temperata
    3. P. luminescens subsp. luminescens subsp. nov., Fischer-Le Saux, Viallard, Brunel, Normand & Boemare, 1999
    4. P. luminescens subsp. akhurstii subsp. nov., Fischer-Le Saux, Viallard, Brunel, Normand & Boemare, 1999
    5. P. luminescens subsp. kayaii subsp. nov., Hazir, Stackebrandt, Lang, Schumann, Ehlers & Keskin, 2004
    6. P. luminescens subsp. laumondii subsp. nov., Fischer-Le Saux, Viallard, Brunel, Normand & Boemare, 1999
    7. P. temperata sp. nov., Fischer-Le Saux, Viallard, Brunel, Normand & Boemare, 1999
    8. P. temperata subsp. temperata subsp. nov., Fischer-Le Saux, Viallard, Brunel, Normand & Boemare, 1999
    9. P. luminescens subsp. thracensis subsp. nov., Hazir, Stackebrandt, Lang, Schumann, Ehlers & Keskin, 2004

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    ]]>     http://nematodeinformation.com/symbiotic-bacterial-genus-photorhabdus/feed 0     Symbiotic bacterial genus, Xenorhabdus Thomas and Poinar 1979 http://nematodeinformation.com/symbiotic-bacterial-genus-xenorhabdus-thomas-and-poinar-1979 http://nematodeinformation.com/symbiotic-bacterial-genus-xenorhabdus-thomas-and-poinar-1979#comments Fri, 21 Mar 2008 01:14:38 +0000 Ganpati Jagdale http://nematodeinformation.com/?p=11 known species of symbiotic bacterial genus Xenorhabdus Thomas and Poinar 1979 associated with a nematode genus Steinernema.

    Identification based on colony morphology and molecular techniques

    1. Xenorhabdus beddingii (Akhurst 1986) Akhurst and Boemare 1993
    2. X. bovienii (Akhurst 1983) Akhurst and Boemare 1993
    3. X. budapestensis Lengyel, Lang, Fodor, Szállás, Schumann, Stackebrandt, 2005
    4. X. cabanillasii Tailliez, Pagès, Ginibre & Boemare, 2006
    5. X. doucetiae Tailliez, Pagès, Ginibre & Boemare, 2006
    6. X. ehlersii Lengyel, Lang, Fodor, Szállás, Schumann, Stackebrandt, 2005
    7. X. griffiniae Tailliez, Pagès, Ginibre & Boemare, 2006
    8. X. hominickii Tailliez, Pagès, Ginibre & Boemare, 2006
    9. X. indica Somvanshi, Lang, Ganguly, Swiderski, Saxena, & Stackebrandt 2006
    10. X. innexi Lengyel, Lang, Fodor, Szállás, Schumann, Stackebrandt, 2005
    11. X. japonica Nishimura et al. 1995
    12. X. koppenhoeferi Tailliez, Pagès, Ginibre & Boemare, 2006
    13. X. kozodoii Tailliez, Pagès, Ginibre & Boemare, 2006
    14. X. mauleonii Tailliez, Pagès, Ginibre & Boemare, 2006
    15. X. miraniensis Tailliez, Pagès, Ginibre & Boemare, 2006
    16. X. nematophila (Poinar and Thomas 1965) Thomas and Poinar 1979
    17. X. poinarii (Akhurst 1983) Akhurst and Boemare 1993
    18. X. romanii Tailliez, Pagès, Ginibre & Boemare, 2006
    19. X. stockiae Tailliez, Pagès, Ginibre & Boemare, 2006
    20. X. szentirmaii Lengyel, Lang, Fodor, Szállás, Schumann, Stackebrandt, 2005

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