Symbiotic bacteria

A new subspecies of Photorhabdus luminescens /  by Ganpati Jagdale

Symbiotic bacteria, Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. sonorensis, Orozco, Hill & Stock, 2013

Based on phenotypic characteristics and sequences of the 16S rDNA, the symbiotic bacteria extracted from an entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis sonorensis has been identified as Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. sonorensis, Orozco, Hill & Stock, 2013 (Orozco et al., 2013).

Literature:

Orozco, R.A., Hill, T. and Stock, S.P. 2013.  Characterization and phylogenetic relationships of Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. sonorensis (gamma-Proteobacteria: Enterobacteriaceae), the bacterial symbiont of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis sonorensis (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae). Current Microbiology 66: 30-39.

Stock, S.P., Rivera-Orduno, B. and Flores-Lara, Y. 2009. Heterorhabditis sonorensis n. sp (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae), a natural pathogen of the seasonal cicada Diceroprocta ornea (Walker) (Homoptera: Cicadidae) in the Sonoran desert. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 100: 175-184.

Insecticidal and antimicrobial compounds from Xenorhabdus budapestensis /  by Ganpati Jagdale

It has been reported that an entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema bicornutum is effective against western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Ebssa et al., 2004) and western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Toepfer et al., 2005).  The infective juveniles of S. bicornutum carry symbiotic bacteria, Xenorhabdus budapestensis in their gut (Lengyel et al., 2005) and use them to kill their insect host.

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Why some insect-parasitic nematodes are called entomopathogenic nematodes? /  by Ganpati Jagdale

Entomopathogenic Nematodes- Nematode Information Insect-parasitic nematodes that belong to both Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae families are also called as entomopathogenic nematodes because they cause disease to their insect hosts with the help of mutualistically associated symbiotic bacterial pathogens.

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Virulence Mechanisms of symbiotic bacteria Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus spp /  by Ganpati Jagdale

Entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria- Nematode Information

Molecular studies demonstrated that the closely related Photorhabdus, symbiotic bacteria of Heterorhabditis nematodes and Xenorhabdus, symbiotic bacteria of Steinernematid nematodes have developed totally different molecular strategies for the same objective of virulence to insects and symbiosis with the nematode.

These findings were presented by An, R. and Grewal, P.S. at the 50th annual meeting of the Society of Nematologists held in Corvallis, Oregon from July 17-20, 2011.

Antimicrobial activities of symbiotic bacteria of entomopathogenic nematodes /  by Ganpati Jagdale

Entomopathogenic nematode symbiotic bacteria and antimicrobial activity The compounds produced by entomopathogenic nematode symbiotic bacteria Xenorhabdus bovienii have showed antimicrtobial activity against two fungus species including Botrytis cinerea and Phytophthora capsici (Fang et al., 2011).  Both of these fungi causes diseases to many plant species.

Publications on antimicrobial activity of entomopathogenic nematode symbiotic bacteria.

  1. Fang, X. L., Feng, J. T., Zhang, W. G., Wang, Y. H. and Zhang, X. 2010. Optimization of growth medium and fermentation conditions for improved antibiotic activity of Xenorhabdus nematophila TB using a statistical approach.  African Journal of Biotechnology 9: 8068-8077.
  2. Fang, X.L., Li, Z.Z., Wang, Y.H. and Zhang, X. 2011.   In vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity of Xenorhabdus bovienii YL002 against Phytophthora capsici and Botrytis cinerea. Journal of Applied Microbiology 111: 145-154.
  3. Furgani, G., Boeszoermenyi, E., Fodor, A., Mathe-Fodor, A., Forst, S., Hogan, J.S., Katona, Z.,  Klein, M.G., Stackebrandt, E., Szentirmai, A., Sztaricskai, F. and Wolf, S. L. 2008.  Xenorhabdus antibiotics: a comparative analysis and potential utility for controlling mastitis caused by bacteria.  Journal of Applied Microbiology 104: 745-758.
  4. Isaacson, P.J. and Webster, J.M. 2002.  Antimicrobial activity of Xenorhabus sp RIO (Enterobacteriaceae), symbiont of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema riobrave (Rhabditida : Steinernematidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 79: 146-153.
  5. Wang, Y.H., Fang, X.L., Li, Y.P. and Zhang, X. 2010.  Effects of constant and shifting dissolved oxygen concentration on the growth and antibiotic activity of Xenorhabdus nematophila. Bioresource Technology 101: 7529-7536.
  6. Wang, Y.H., Feng, J.T., Zhang, Q. and Zhang, X. 2008.  Optimization of fermentation condition for antibiotic production by Xenorhabdus nematophila with response surface methodology. Journal of Applied Microbiology 104s: 735-744.
  7. Yang, X.F., Qiu, D.W., Yang, H.W., Liu, Z., Zeng, H.M. and Yuan, J.J. 2011.  Antifungal activity of xenocoumacin 1 from Xenorhabdus nematophilus var. pekingensis against Phytophthora infestans. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 27: 523-528.

Fungicidal activity of an antibacterial compound from entomopathogenic nematode symbiotic bacterium. /  by Ganpati Jagdale

Recently, Yang et al. (2011) tested a fungicidal activity of an antibacterial compound called Xenocoumacin 1 (Xcn1) from symbiotic bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila var. pekingensis against Potato late blight disease causing fungus, Phytophthora infestans.  These authors reported that this antibacterial compound strongly inhibits P. infestans mycelium growth and sporangia production. Read following papers on antibacterial compounds from entomopathogenic nematode symbiotic bacteria.

Akhurst, R.J. 1982.  Aantibiotic-activity of xenorhabdus spp, bacteria symbiotically associated with insect pathogenic nematodes of the families Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae . Journal of General Microbiology 128: 3061.

Bowen, D. 1998. Insecticidal toxins from the bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens. Science 280 : 2129.

Fang, X. L., Feng, J.T., Zhang, W. G., Wang, Y. H. and Zhang, X. 2010.  Optimization of growth medium and fermentation conditions for improved antibiotic activity of Xenorhabdus nematophila TB using a statistical approach.  African Journal of Biotechnology: 9: 8068-8077.

Gualtieri, M. 2009. Identification of a new antimicrobial lysine-rich cyclolipopeptide family from Xenorhabdus nematophila. Journal of Antibiotics 62: 295.

Ji, D. 2004. Identification of an antibacterial compound, benzylideneacetone, from Xenorhabdus nematophila against major plant-pathogenic bacteria. FEMS Microbiology Letters 239: 241.

Li, J.X. 1995. Antimicrobial metabolites from a bacterial symbiont. Journal of Natural Products-Lloydia 58: 1081.

Li, J.X. 1997. Nematophin, a novel antimicrobial substance produced by Xenorhabdus nematophilus (Enterobactereaceae). Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43: 770.

Mcinerney, B.V. 1991. Biologically-active metabolites from Xenorhabdus spp .1. dithiolopyrrolone derivatives with antibiotic-activity. Journal of Natural Products 54: 774.

Mcinerney, B.V. 1991. Biologically-active metabolites from Xenorhabdus spp.2. BENZOPYRAN-1-ONE derivatives with gastroprotective activity. Journal of Natural Products 54: 785.

Paul, V.J. 1981. Antibiotics in microbial ecology - isolation and structure assignment of several new anti-bacterial compounds from the insect-symbiotic bacteria Xenorhabdus Spp. Journal of Chemical Ecology 7: 589.

Wang, Y.H.  2008. Enhanced antibiotic activity of Xenorhabdus nematophila by medium optimization. Bioresource Technology 99: 1708.

Yang , X.F., Qiu, D.W., Yang, H.W., Liu, Z., Zeng, H.M. and Yuan, J.J.  2011.  Antifungal activity of xenocoumacin 1 from Xenorhabdus nematophilus var. pekingensis against Phytophthora infestans . World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 27: 523-528.

How do entomopathogenic nematodes kill their insect hosts? /  by Ganpati Jagdale

When the infective juveniles of entomopathogenic nematodes are applied to the soil surface in the fields or thatch layer on glf courses, they start searching for their insect hosts. Once insect larva has been located, the nematode infective juveniles penetrate into the larval body cavity via natural openings such as mouth, anus and spiracles. Infective juveniles of Heterorhabditis nematodes can also enter through the intersegmental membranes of the grub cuticle. Once in the body cavity, infective juveniles release symbiotic bacteria (Xenorhabdus spp. for Steinernematidae and Photorhabdus spp. for Heterorhabditidae) from their gut in insect blood. In the blood, multiplying nematode-bacterium complex causes septicemia and kill their insect host usually within 48 h after infection. Nematodes feed on multiplying bacteria, mature into adults, reproduce and then emerge as infective juveniles from the host cadaver to seek new larvae in the soil.

Control of Black Vine Weevils with Insect Parasitic Nematodes /  by Ganpati Jagdale

Black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus is a common insect pest of over 150 plant species that grown in the greenhouses and nurseries. Some of the plant species damaged by black vine weevils include Azalea, Cyclamen, Euonymus, Fuxia, Rosa, Rhododendron and Taxus. Grubs (Larvae) of these weevils generally girdle the main stem, and feed and damage roots leading to nutrient deficiencies. Adults feed on leaves and flowers by notching their edges thus reducing aesthetic value of plants.

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Symbiotic bacteria of Heterorhabdits nematodes- Photorhabdus species /  by Ganpati Jagdale

  1. Heterorhabditis amazonensis- undescribed
  2. H. argentinensis- P. temperata
  3. H. bacteriophora- Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. laumondii TT01, P. luminescens kayaii subsp. nov., P. luminescens thracensis subsp. nov., P. temperate
  4. H. baujardi- undescribed
  5. H. brevicaudis- P. luminescens
  6. H. downesi- Photorhabdus sp
  7. H. floridensis- undescribed
  8. H. georgiana- undescribed
  9. H. hambletoni- undescribed
  10. H. hawaiiensis- P. luminescens
  11. H. heliothidis- undescribed
  12. H. hepialius- P. luminescens
  13. H. hoptha- undescribed
  14. H. indica- P. luminescens
  15. H. marelata- P. luminescens
  16. H. megidis- P. temperata subsp. temperata XlNach
  17. H. mexicana- undescribed
  18. H. poinari- Photorhabdus sp
  19. H. safricana- undescribed
  20. H. taysearae- undescribed
  21. H. zealandica- P. temperata

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Symbiotic bacteria of Steinernematid nematodes- Xenorhabdus species /  by Ganpati Jagdale

  1. Steinernema abbasi- undescribed
  2. S. aciari- undescribed
  3. S. affine-Xenorhabdus bovienii
  4. S. akhursti- undescribed
  5. S. anatoliense- undescribed
  6. S. apuliae- undescribed
  7. S. arenarium- X. kozodoii
  8. S. ashiuense- undescribed
  9. S. asiaticum- undescribed
  10. S. australe- X. magdalenensis
  11. S. backanense- undescribed
  12. S. beddingi- undescribed
  13. S. bicornutum- X. budapestensis
  14. S. carpocapsae- X. nematophila
  15. S. caudatum- undescribed
  16. S. ceratophorum- undescribed
  17. S. cholashanense- undescribed
  18. S. cubanum- X. poinarii
  19. S. cumgarense- undescribed
  20. S. diaprepesi- undescribed
  21. S. eapokense- undescribed
  22. S. feltiae- X. bovienii
  23. S. glaseri- X. poinarii
  24. S. guangdongense- undescribed
  25. S. hebeiense- undescribed
  26. S. hermaphroditum- undescribed
  27. S. intermedium - X. bovienii
  28. S. jollieti-undescribed
  29. S. karii- undescribed
  30. S. khoisanae- undescribed
  31. S. kraussei- X. bovienii
  32. S. kushidai- X. japonica
  33. S. leizhouense- undescribed
  34. S. litorale- undescribed
  35. S. loci- undescribed
  36. S. longicaudum- undescribed
  37. S. monticolum- undescribed
  38. S. neocurtillae- undescribed
  39. S. oregonense- undescribed
  40. S. pakistanense- undescribed
  41. S. puertoricense- X. romanii
  42. S. rarum- X. szentirmaii
  43. S. riobrave- Xenorhabdus sp
  44. S. ritteri- Xenorhabdus sp
  45. S. robustispiculum- undescribed
  46. S. sangi- undescribed
  47. S. sasonense- undescribed
  48. S. scapterisci- X. innexi
  49. S. scarabaei- X. koppenhoeferi
  50. S. serratum- X. ehlersii
  51. S. siamkayai- X. stockiae
  52. S. sichuanense- X. bovienii
  53. S. silvaticum- undescribed
  54. S. tami- Xenorhabdus sp
  55. S. texanum- undescribed
  56. S. thanhi- undescribed
  57. S. thermophilum- X. indica
  58. S. websteri- undescribed
  59. S. weiseri- undescribed
  60. S. yirgalemense- undescribed

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Symbiotic bacterial genus, Photorhabdus /  by Ganpati Jagdale

known species of symbiotic bacterial genus Photorhabdus associated with a nematode genus Heterorhabditis. Identification based on colony morphology and molecular techniques

  1. Photorhabdus luminescens (Thomas and Poinar 1979) Boemare et al. 1993
  2. P. temperata
  3. P. luminescens subsp. luminescens subsp. nov., Fischer-Le Saux, Viallard, Brunel, Normand & Boemare, 1999
  4. P. luminescens subsp. akhurstii subsp. nov., Fischer-Le Saux, Viallard, Brunel, Normand & Boemare, 1999
  5. P. luminescens subsp. kayaii subsp. nov., Hazir, Stackebrandt, Lang, Schumann, Ehlers & Keskin, 2004
  6. P. luminescens subsp. laumondii subsp. nov., Fischer-Le Saux, Viallard, Brunel, Normand & Boemare, 1999
  7. P.luminescens subsp. sonorensis, Orozco, Hill & Stock, 2013
  8. P. temperata sp. nov., Fischer-Le Saux, Viallard, Brunel, Normand & Boemare, 1999
  9. P. temperata subsp. temperata subsp. nov., Fischer-Le Saux, Viallard, Brunel, Normand & Boemare, 1999
  10. P. luminescens subsp. thracensis subsp. nov., Hazir, Stackebrandt, Lang, Schumann, Ehlers & Keskin, 2004

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Symbiotic bacterial genus, Xenorhabdus Thomas and Poinar 1979 /  by Ganpati Jagdale

known species of symbiotic bacterial genus Xenorhabdus Thomas and Poinar 1979 associated with a nematode genus Steinernema. Identification based on colony morphology and molecular techniques

  1. Xenorhabdus beddingii (Akhurst 1986) Akhurst and Boemare 1993
  2. X. bovienii (Akhurst 1983) Akhurst and Boemare 1993
  3. X. budapestensis Lengyel, Lang, Fodor, Szállás, Schumann, Stackebrandt, 2005
  4. X. cabanillasii Tailliez, Pagès, Ginibre & Boemare, 2006
  5. X. doucetiae Tailliez, Pagès, Ginibre & Boemare, 2006
  6. X. ehlersii Lengyel, Lang, Fodor, Szállás, Schumann, Stackebrandt, 2005
  7. X. griffiniae Tailliez, Pagès, Ginibre & Boemare, 2006
  8. X. hominickii Tailliez, Pagès, Ginibre & Boemare, 2006
  9. X. indica Somvanshi, Lang, Ganguly, Swiderski, Saxena, & Stackebrandt 2006
  10. X. innexi Lengyel, Lang, Fodor, Szállás, Schumann, Stackebrandt, 2005
  11. X. japonica Nishimura et al. 1995
  12. X. koppenhoeferi Tailliez, Pagès, Ginibre & Boemare, 2006
  13. X. kozodoii Tailliez, Pagès, Ginibre & Boemare, 2006
  14. X. magdalenensis, Tailliez, Pages, Edgington, Tymo, & Buddie, 2012
  15. X. mauleonii Tailliez, Pagès, Ginibre & Boemare, 2006
  16. X. miraniensis Tailliez, Pagès, Ginibre & Boemare, 2006
  17. X. nematophila (Poinar and Thomas 1965) Thomas and Poinar 1979
  18. X. poinarii (Akhurst 1983) Akhurst and Boemare 1993
  19. X. romanii Tailliez, Pagès, Ginibre & Boemare, 2006
  20. X. stockiae Tailliez, Pagès, Ginibre & Boemare, 2006
  21. X. szentirmaii Lengyel, Lang, Fodor, Szállás, Schumann, Stackebrandt, 2005

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